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Guide to the
Marking of Written Assignments
by Ian Johnston
[This document is in the public domain and may be used, in whole or in part, by anyone. Released July 2000]
SECTION 8: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
8.1 In any essay or technical report you must provide accurate references for all information or opinions from secondary sources (material from sources outside your own knowledge), whether you quote them directly or not. You do not have to provide references for general knowledge (for example, dates and places of birth, dates of historical events, geographical locations, and other well known facts), even if you had to look the information up. But for any other fact or opinion which comes from a special source (especially any printed or recorded source) you must indicate the origin of the quotation or the information, even when you put the information in your own words.
Note that it is not sufficient simply to provide at the end of the paper a detailed list of all the books you have consulted. If in the body of the paper you have made direct use of information or opinions from secondary sources, then in the main body of your text there must appear a series of specific references, precisely indicating the location of each borrowing. If you are in doubt about whether or not you need to provide a reference for particular material, then it is probably best to supply a reference.
The failure to provide such detailed references in the text is a form of plagiarism, a major academic error, which can have serious consequences (see 7.42 above).
8.2 There are several common methods for indicating sources, and different disciplines and their journals use different conventions for references. You should be able to understand how to interpret the most common types, because you are going to meet them in the books and magazines which you read. But in your own writing you should decide on the one you prefer (or the one your discipline requires) and stick to it, unless your instructor indicates that she wants a different convention.
8.3 In common practice, there are two general methods for providing references, as follows: (1) you can provide short references in brackets in your text immediately after the material which requires that information. This procedure we can call the Parenthetic Reference System, or (2) you can indicate with an Arabic number above the line that you have provided a reference in a footnote (at the bottom of the page) or in an endnote (at the end of the essay). This second procedure is called the Traditional Method of References or The University of Chicago System of References.
You should always select the first of these options (the Parenthetic Reference System) unless you are explicitly instructed to use the second method (or some other method). Do not use the second option (footnotes or endnotes) for references, under any circumstances, unless the discipline specifically requires it (e.g., History).
In providing references, you must follow a conventional system. Do not make up your own system. You would be strongly advised always to work from specific examples of references in front of you.
8.4 No matter what system of references you use in the body of the essay, you must provide a Bibliography, a List of Works Cited or References, or a List of Works Consulted at the end of the essay. Please note the difference between these different ways of presenting a final list of titles.
A Bibliography is a list of those titles which have a direct relevance to the topic you have discussed in the essay. It may include a number of references which you have not directly used in the paper and some which you have not read thoroughly. A Bibliography is a reader's guide to texts available on the subject matter of the essay, and it may be quite extensive.
A List of Works Cited or References is a final list which contains only the titles of works you have made reference to in the body of the essay. It should include no other titles (i.e., no titles to which there is no specific reference in the body of the essay); thus such a list will not include texts you have consulted but not referred to directly in the essay.
A List of Works Consulted is a final list of titles of works you have read in preparing the paper (i.e., works you have drawn on). Such a list will include titles to which you have made direct reference in the paper and some titles of works which you have consulted but made no direct reference to.
8.4.1 Do not include more than one list of references in a paper. Decide which of the above three you are going to use (or find out which of these three is required by the assignment). But do not have a List of Works Cited and a List of Works Consulted. In most assignments, a List of Works Cited is what is required.
8.4.2 In providing a list of references at the end of the paper, follow exactly the format of the convention you have selected. Do not deviate from it in any way. This includes double spacing all entries, with no extra lines between entries, indenting all lines after the first in any particular entry, and so on. Always work with a specific example of such a bibliography in front of you.
8.5 There are systems of references apart from the two common ones listed in the next section (8.6). If you are writing a research paper for a subject area which uses its own format for references, then work with an example from an appropriate journal in front of you. For example, forestry publications (e.g., FIRDA monographs) often have their own format.
8.6 The Parenthetic Reference System requires reference information in brackets in your own text immediately after the material to which the reference refers. There are two major conventions for these sorts of references: the Modern Language Association (MLA) System and the American Psychological Association (APA) System. While these two systems have much in common, they are significantly different in format, both for in-text references and for lists of works cited or bibliographies at the end of the paper.
These conventions are equally correct, and in many circumstances you may choose the one you prefer. In general, the MLA system is required in papers on literature and philosophy (e.g., in essays for English and Philosophy and Liberal Studies courses), and the APA system is required for papers in social science, psychology, and education courses.
There is no information in this handbook on the University of Chicago Style (footnote references). Nor is there any information here on various conventions for scientific papers (in biology, physics, and so on). The rest of this section deals only with MLA and APA conventions.
In the following sections, the MLA and the APA format are given for the different forms of references. Make sure you follow the format exactly of the particular convention you have chosen. And be consistent. If you select the APA system, for example, then stay consistently in that convention. Do not switch back and forth between the two formats.
If you are on-line and want to move directly to a particular style of in-text reference, you may go directly to the appropriate item from the list below: Otherwise you can use this as an index for relevant sections.
Reference
to a Quotation from a Text With a Named Author (8.7)
Standard
APA Reference with no Quoted Material (8.9)
Reference
(APA and MLA) to Text with No Named Author (8.10)
Reference
to the Bible (8.11)
Reference to
Poems (8.12)
Reference
to Two Authors with the Same Surname (MLA and APA) (8.15)
Reference to Different Works by the Same Author (MLA and APA (8.16)
Reference to Quoted Material from a Book not By
the Author of the Quotation (8.17)
Reference to a Text with Two Authors (MLA and
APA) (8.18)
Reference to a Text with more than Two Authors
(8.19)
Reference to Classic Plays (MLA) (8.20)
Reference to Long Classic Poems (8.21)
Combining Several Different References into
One Reference (8.23)
References to Different Places in the Same Work (8.24)
Reference to a Multi-volume Work (MLA and APA)
(8.25)
Reference to a Classic Work of Prose (MLA)
(8.26)
Reference to an Interview or Personal
Communication (8.27)
Reference to a Corporate or Institutional
Author (8.28)
Reference to a Legal Source (8.29)
Reference to an Electronic Source (MLA and APA)
(8.30)
8.7 The standard format for a reference to a quotation in both the MLA and the APA conventions requires a pair of curved brackets, inside of which the reference information appears, as follows:
MLA
One critic has observed that "Any translation of Homer is only an adaptation" (Jones 21).APA
A recent study by government researchers has termed this situation "unacceptable in any civilized country" (Black, 1990, p. 12).
Notice that both references come immediately after the quotation, and both use curved brackets. The MLA reference consists only of the author's surname and the page of the text where the quotation appears. The APA reference contains the author's surname, the date in which the publication appeared, and the page number. The MLA reference has no symbol for page; whereas the APA system does. Notice that in both styles there is no reference to the author's initials or to the title of the work.
8.7.1 If you are referring to an Internet source, you cannot provide a page number, even if you have printed the document (because different printers will produce different numbers of pages). Increasingly, articles on the Internet are numbering the paragraphs. If you are dealing with such a document, indicate the paragraph number: e.g., MLA (Brown, para 6) or (Brown, pars. 16-18); APA (Jackson, 1997, pars. 3-5).
Do not use this format if the paragraphs are not numbered in the original text. Instead indicate that there is no page reference: (Brown np).
8.7.2 In APA style, if the work you are referring to is a reprint of something published earlier, then include both dates in the citation:
These results however have been described as "seriously wrong in many places" (Jackson, 1976/1985), p. 6).
The dates here mean that you are quoting from a source published in 1985, but the work (article or book) originally appeared in 1976.
8.7.3 In APA in-text citations, if you have to refer to a multi-volumed work published over a number of years, the include the range of years, as follows:
(Churchill,
1945-1959)
as Churchill (1945-1959) points out. . . .
This reference is to a multi-volumed work by author Churchill, in which the volumes appeared during the period indicated (i.e., they were not all published at once).
8.8 Do not include in the in-text reference in either style any information which is already in your sentence (e.g., the author's name or the date).
MLA
Janice Smith does not agree with this view: "Some translations obviously qualify as Homer's poem" (34).APA
Jackson's study concludes that "there is no evidence of any increase in teenage alcohol consumption" (1987, p. 8).Jackson's study (1987) concludes that "there is no evidence of any increase in teenage alcohol consumption" (p. 8).
In these examples, the reference in brackets contains only information that has not been already mentioned earlier in the sentence. Since the author's name has already been mentioned, it does not appear again in the bracketed reference.
8.9 In APA style you include the page reference only if you are dealing with a direct quotation from the original. If you are referring to a secondary source but not quoting directly from it, then you do not include any page number, and the reference consists of simply the author's surname and the year.
Grasson (1996) and Fitzwilliam (1997) both confirm a strong correlation between falling drug prices and increased consumption of narcotics amongst school children.
Note that there is no reference at the end of the sentence to the borrowed opinion because the authors' surnames and the dates are included in the sentence already. There is no page reference because there is no direct quotation from an original text. This style of reference is extremely common (virtually the standard reference) in APA style.
8.10 If the material to which you are referring does not have an author listed, then in the in-text brackets provide a shortened form of the title. In both MLA and APA styles put the abbreviated title in italics (or underline it) if the title is to a book, record, film, or something else which is normally put in italics or underlined and in double quotation marks if the title is to a short story, newspaper article, or poem.
The shortened form must include the first word of the title which determines its place in the List of Works Cited or Bibliography at the end of the paper In other words you ignore the first word of the title if it is a, an, or the, and cite the first major words.
MLA
The reference ("Enzymes" 21) means that the material comes from page 21 of the text listed in the List of Works Cited with the word Enzymes as the first major word in the title. Since this reference is in double quotation marks, the reader recognizes that it comes from an article (not a book). The full title of the article is "The Enzymes That Function to Keep Us Alive." Notice that the reference omits the first word in the full title: The. If the reference were to a book, then the word in the reference would go in italics.APA
The reference (Breakthrough research, 1998) means that this reference is to a book or pamphlet or report without an author; the book's title begins with Breakthrough research as the first major words, under which it is listed in the List of Works Cited at the end of the paper. Note that the comma and the date remain in the reference. If this reference is to a direct quotation, then after the date you would have to include a page number, as follows: (Breakthrough research, 1998, p. 45). Note that in APA, only the first word in a title has a capital letter. If the title were an article in a journal, the title would be in double quotation marks: ("Breakthrough research"). Note also that in APA titles of books can be underlined or in italics (underline them if the article is being submitted for publication).
8.11 For Biblical references, cite the book and the chapter and verse numbers: e.g., (Genesis 3: 6-10). Do not put the title in italics or in double quotation marks, and do not write in the words chapter and verse. In strict MLA format, use a full stop rather than a colon.
8.12 When you are referring to lines from a poem, do not put the word lines in. The reference (12-16) after a quotation of poetry means that the material includes lines 12 to 16 of the poem. The name of the poem is not in the reference if the writer has referred to it in the text. If the author or the title is not mentioned in the sentence, then it must be included in the reference, as follows: (Frost 12-16).
If you are writing about a number of Frost poems with different titles, then consult 8.16 below.
8.13 When you place a reference in your sentence, you do not end your sentence until after the reference in brackets. If you are placing the reference after a quotation, then omit the full stop in the quotation and place the full stop after the reference. Note the following example:
The author makes it clear that this setting is not a healthy one, stressing in the opening paragraph "the dark, oppressive atmosphere in which it was difficulty to breathe" (Brown 21).
Smythe made a relevant point in this matter when he observed the following: "School districts which have increased the amount of physical education a student experiences have seen an improvement in academic performance" (1997, p. 27).
Do not include the reference inside the quotation, and do not end the sentence (i.e., put the in the full stop) until after the reference.
8.14 When you set a quotation in its own block (for longer passages), end the quotation with the appropriate punctuation, then leave two spaces, and add the reference in brackets. Do not put any punctuation after the brackets.
In APA style, any quotation longer than forty words should appear in a separate block; the guideline in the MLA style is that any quotation longer than three typed lines goes into its own paragraph block. Such quotations should be indented one tab space from the left, have the same margins on the right as the main text (except in poetry quotations), and should be double spaced (if the main text is double spaced). Notice the following examples.
MLA
A recent article on this subject makes the
key point:
The rationality that has culminated in contemporary technology originated in the Renaissance connection of human good and human power. Obviously, Descartes and Bacon are especially significant in this respect. They both clearly expressed a moral purpose behind the endeavour: helping to better the human condition through a fight against nature, as if they were tinkering with something mechanical. (Angus 145)
APA
McIntyre (1986) concludes as follows:
There is some evidence to indicate that the level of physical fitness in college instructors has a significant correlation to the quality of instruction. Although the measurement of the quality of instruction is open to certain objections, there does appear to be some indication that a positive correlation exists. (p. 36)
Normally such quotations would be double spaced if the main text is double spaced. Notice that you do not reduce the right hand margin.
8.15 If you are dealing with two authors with the same surname, include the initial in front of the name in your text or in the reference in brackets to indicate which one you are talking about.
MLA: (R. Fitzgerald 43) and (F. S. Fitzgerald 21)
APA:
J. G. Jones (1998) and F. Jones (1999), or (J. G. Jones, 1998) and (F. Jones,
1999).
Note that you keep the initials, even if the years of the two texts are
different.
8.16 If you are dealing with two sources by the same author, in the APA style the different dates will be enough to indicate the differences: e.g., Garth (1998) and Garth (1999). If the two sources both appeared in the same year, then indicate the difference as follows: Garth (1998a) and Garth (1998b), always differentiating these chronologically (i.e., the 1999a work was published before the 1999b text). Do not distinguish them alphabetically by title.
In the MLA style, if you are dealing with two sources by the same author, include enough of the title to indicate which one you are referring to. You do not need to include the full title. Note the following examples:
(Fitzgerald, This Side 34) and (Fitzgerald, "Diamond" 45)
Put short forms of book titles in italics (or underline them) and short forms of essays, poems, articles, short stories, and so on in double quotation marks. In the above example, This Side refers to the novel This Side of Paradise and "Diamond" refers to the short story "A Diamond as Big as the Ritz."
8.17 When you are quoting directly material you have found in a book by someone other than the person who wrote the book containing the quotation, you must indicate (a) the author of the quoted material and (b) the name of the author of the book where you found the material you have quoted.
In MLA you indicate this by including in the reference the author of the original, the abbreviation qtd in (for quoted in) and the name of the author of the book where you found the quotation, as follows:
(Wordsworth, qtd in Abrams 45)
This example means that the material you have quoted in the paper comes from Wordsworth and that you found the quotation in the book written by Abrams listed in the Works Cited at the end under the name Abrams. In other words, you did not get this from a book written by Wordsworth. If you had already mentioned Wordsworth's name in the sentence leading up to the quotation, then you would not include it in the in-text reference.
In the APA style, when you mention a study or a report which you have only read about second hand (i.e., you have read something which discussed the report), then refer to the original as follows:
Jackson's study of this problem (cited in Brown, 1997) concluded that. . . .
In the List of Works Cited or Bibliography at the end of the paper, you would list only the report by Brown (which you have read) and would omit any listing for Jackson.
8.18 If you are making a reference to a text with two authors, indicate each of them in the order in which they appear on the title page (not necessarily alphabetically) as follows:
MLA
(Smith and Wesson 127). Do not use the ampersand (&) in MLA style.APA
(Argue & Phibbs, 1976). If the same two authors published a number of studies and you wish to refer to them all, list them in order without repeating the names: (Argue & Phibbs, 1976, 1980, 1990a, 1990b). Note here that there is no punctuation between the authors' names and that you link them with the ampersand (&).
8.19 If you are referring to a work with more than two authors, then observe the following guidelines:
MLA:
List the surnames of authors up to and including three. For more than three, put in the first surname and the Latin abbreviation et al. (meaning "and others"), as follows:(Jackson et al. 56)
This reference is to page 56 of a book listed at the end of the paper by Jackson and some others.
APA
If there are fewer than six authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs. In later references, use just the first name followed by the Latin abbreviation et al. (not in italics and with no period after the et) and the year.First reference: (Sleepy, Dopey, Tarry, & Slow, 1998)
Later references: (Sleepy et al., 1998)
8.20 In MLA style, references to classic plays should indicate the act, scene, and line. If the play is very well known, you may abbreviate the title. You need not include the title or its abbreviation if the relevant play is obvious from the context of your sentence.
(Ham 3.2.23-26); (1H4 1.1.5-10); (Faustus 2.1.22-30)
The first reference is to Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 2, lines 23 to 26. Note that you do not need to write out the words act, scene, and lines. And do not use Roman numerals. Make sure there is a full stop between the act and scene numbers. There are no spaces between the full stops and the numbers. With such references do not include the page number.
If you are citing a reference to a modern play (which normally will not have act and scene numbers and numbered lines) then refer to the relevant text in the same way as you would a prose work (i.e., with the author's surname and the page or, if the author's name is already in your sentence, then only with the page number).
8.21 In MLA style, for long classic poems you indicate the source by the book and line number: for example, (Iliad 12.43); (Paradise Lost 4.23-32). Once again, notice that you do not require the words book or lines or any reference to the page number.
8.22 For classic poems and plays, you do not need to include the title of the work or its abbreviation if you have already mentioned the title in the sentence or if it is absolutely obvious from the context which work you are discussing. For example, if the entire paper deals with, say, Othello and does not bring in material from other plays, then you do not need to keep placing the title in every reference. Simply include the act, scene, and line numbers: (2.4.67-70).
8.23 Where appropriate, you may include more than one reference in the same brackets. Separate the different references with semi-colons, as follows:
MLA
A number of other scholars have recently reached the same conclusion (Weiss 25; Smith and Jones 93-94; Hart 49)APA:
Several studies (Malahat, 1964; Johnston, 1990a, 1990b; Farquhar, 1997) have supported this view.
8.24 If you are referring to different places in the same work, separate the page references with commas:
MLA: (MacPherson 23, 54-57)
APA: (Gritchkopf, 1994, p. 10, p. 30)
8.25 In MLA style, if you are citing a reference to a work with several volumes, then indicate the volume in the reference. For example, (Hart 3:12) means that the reference is to page 12 of Volume 3 of the book by Hart listed at the end of the essay. Do this even if you did not use the other volumes.
8.26 In MLA style when you write a reference to a well known traditional literary prose work which is divided up into parts or chapters or both, you should include the part and chapter numbers for those readers who are using a different edition of the work from the one you are citing (and who thus will not be able to follow your page references). This is especially appropriate when you are dealing with a classic novel or philosophical work. Notice the following example:
(Swift 2138; pt. 4, ch. 5)
The first part of the reference indicates that this quotation comes from page 2138 in the book where you found the copy of the Swift text (in this case the Norton Anthology). The second part of the reference indicates the part and the chapter number of the section, so that the reader who is using a different edition of Gulliver's Travels can locate more readily the source to which you are referring.
8.27 If you are citing an interview or personal letter, then use the following guidelines:
MLA: Indicate in your own sentence that you are referring to a personal interview, e-mail, or letter, in which case you do not need a bracketed reference.
In a personal interview Sandra Baxter strongly endorsed this view.
APA: Name the author (first name and initials only) in your own sentence, then in brackets indicate that this is a personal communication or an e-mail, and provide the date, as follows:
S. Baxter (personal communication, April 23, 1999) strongly endorsed this view of the problem.
8.28 To cite corporate or institutional authors (e.g., government agencies, research institutes, corporations), put the name of the corporate author in place of the author:
MLA
(Modern Language Association 26)
APA
In APA write out the full name of the corporate author the first time you
provide the reference. If you are going to use repeated references to that
source and wish to use an abbreviation, then indicate the abbreviation in the
first reference, and then use the abbreviation in subsequent references.
First
Reference: (National Association of Chain Smokers [NACS], 1997)
Subsequent Reference: (NACS, 1997).
8.29 For in-text references to legal sources in APA style, give enough of the full title of the material so that the reader can easily locate the full information about the text in the List of Works Cited. Note the following two possibilities:
In the Family Relations Act (1980). . . .
(Family Relations Act, 1980)
8.30 To indicate a reference to an electronic source (e.g., and Internet page), use the same basic principles. The in-text reference should always name the author if there is one and, if not, enough of the title of the electronic document so that the reader can locate it in the List or Works Cited or Bibliography at the end of the paper. Do not provide full electronic addresses in the in-text reference (that will come later, at the end of the paper). Since Internet documents do not have page numbers, you cannot include a page reference (do not use the number from a printed version you have read, because different printers produce different pagination).
8.31 If you have to deal with in-text references to material which does not fit any of the above sources, then you must consult an appropriate style handbook or on-line source of information. The library has a number of these, and you can get some advice on line. To get the very latest information seek out the appropriate web site (APA or MLA or something else).
8.32 If you are using in-text references, then you should rarely need any footnotes or endnotes at all. These might be appropriate for the following two uses:
8.32.1 If you want to add a short explanatory or illustrative point to the essay without interrupting the flow of the paragraph, you can insert a footnote number into your text and provide the note at the bottom of that page (the word processing program will do that for you). Such a footnote might be useful briefly to identify a name you have put into the essay (informing the reader of the person or place the name refers to) or to supply (again briefly) some additional statistical information to supplement what you are saying in the paragraph. What goes into the footnote, however, must not be something essential to the argument or explanation you are making in the paragraph.
8.32.2 A second use for the footnote might be to direct the reader's attention to other places where this point is dealt with, either in your own paper or in other references.
If you use footnotes at all, then please observe carefully the following points
8.32.3 The footnote must be an Arabic numeral (1, 2, 3, 4, and so on) placed immediately after the material to which it refers and slightly above the line. If you use the footnote function in the word processing program, this arrangement will be automatic. Do not invent your own number system or use asterisks or other odd marks.
8.32.4 The footnotes should proceed in order throughout the entire paper, starting with the number 1. Do not use the number 1 more than once.
8.32.5 Footnotes should be in the same font as the main text and should be double spaced. There should be a typed line (15 spaces approximately from the left hand margin) separating the last line of the main text from the footnote at the bottom of the page. Most word processing programs do this automatically.
8.32.6 The first line of the footnote should be indented one tab space. The right hand margin of the footnote should be the same as the main text margin.
8.33 At the end of any research paper in which you have used material from secondary sources, you must include a list which provides detailed information about those sources. Such a list is called either a List of Works Cited, a List of Works Consulted, a Bibliography, or References. These titles designate different forms of list. If you are not sure of the difference between them, consult 8.4 above.
The format for listing secondary sources in a List of Works Cited, a List of Works Consulted, a Bibliography, or References varies with the convention of references you have selected. There are significant differences between the MLA style and the APA style. Make sure you use the format which is appropriate to the convention you have selected. If your in-text references are in the APA style, for example, then follow the APA style in the list of titles at the end of the paper. Please note that the format for these entries is very specialized and fixed; always work with specific examples in front of you.
Both the MLA and the APA formats have the following in common:
8.33.1 The list is alphabetical based on the author's surname. Where a title has no author, then place it in the list according to the first major word in the title (ignoring The or A or An).
8.33.2 Double space the list, with no additional spaces between entries.
8.33.3 Do not include page numbers in the citation in either MLA or APA style, except when those pages indicate the first and last pages of an essay, poem, article, and so on from a larger book, magazine, or journal. You do not include in the citation at the end of the essay the particular pages for the parts of the text which you used in the paper.
8.33.4 In both MLA and APA the citation includes the full title, including the subtitle. The title is separated from the subtitle with a colon.
8.33.5 In both MLA and APA, when you are dealing with a work which has been published in several editions, then you must indicate in the full citation the particular edition you are using. This point is particularly important when you are dealing with literary anthologies or standard reference works which are frequently revised and published in new editions (e.g., the Norton Anthology of English Literature). The same holds true when you are listing a title which is a reprint of a book originally published at an earlier date.
The major differences between the MLA style for citing a text and the APA style are as follows:
8.33.6 In the APA style the author's name (the first item in the citation) will appear as a surname followed by one or two initials (no matter what appears on the title page of the publication)--e.g., Johnston, I. In MLA style, the author's name will be a surname followed by the names or initials as they appear on the title page or heading of the text--e.g., Johnston, Ian C.
8.33.7 In the APA style the date of the publication comes immediately after the author's name, in brackets. In the MLA style, that information comes with the publication details at the very end of the citation.
8.33.8 In the APA style the title of the article or book will have a capital letter only for the first letter of the first word of the title or the first word of the subtitle or for proper names in the title (note, however, that journal titles have capital letters for each word). In MLA the full title will have capital letters at the start of each word in accordance with the rules for headings (i.e., every word except short one-syllable prepositions, conjunctions, and articles). In MLA the title is in italics; in APA the title is underlined or in italics (underlining is necessary if you are submitting the article for publication).
MLA
The Ironies of War: An Introduction to Homer's Iliad.APA
The ironies of war: An introduction to Homer's Iliad.
The ironies of war: An introduction to Homer's IliadThis rule about underlining in APA is important only if you are submitting articles for publication in APA journals. The software printing program changes the underlining to italics. If you are not intending to submit the article for publishing, then use italics (as in MLA). Notice that the underlining includes the period at the end of the title. The APA examples in this handbook use italics.
8.33.9 In the MLA style, the titles of short stories, articles, poems, and other short works go in double quotation marks. In the APA style, such short titles do not go in double quotation marks. They are written in a normal font, without any special formatting. The same principles of capitalizing words in titles or leaving them without capital letters apply as outlined in 8.33.8 above.
8.33.10 In the MLA citation style, there are two typed spaces after each full stop in the entry. In the APA citation style, there is only one typed space after each full stop in the entry.
8.33.11 In MLA the first line of the bibliography entry starts at the left-hand margin, and all subsequent lines for that entry are indented (in the hanging paragraph style).
In APA there are two options: (1) The first line of the entry is indented one tab stop from the left margin, and all subsequent lines start at the left hand margin (as in a normal paragraph). This new requirement in APA is important only if you are submitting a manuscript for publication to an APA journal (for reasons having to do with computer software programs). (2) If you are not submitting the essay for publication, then you may use the hanging indent style (as in MLA), which is much easier to read. In APA journals the bibliography is changed in printing to the hanging indent style.
The examples of APA style in the sections below use the same hanging paragraph format as the MLA.
8.34 The following sections indicate the format for the most common entries in both MLA and APA format. Make sure you write your citation following exactly the particular format of the example which suits what you want to cite. Be very particular about this; follow the spacing, punctuation, capitalization, and sequence exactly.
If you cannot find the precise citation you require in this list, then consult a more detailed manual of style from the library reference collection or, better still, on the Internet.
Note that most of the example citations in the sections below are fictional, made up simply to illustrate the form of the citation. If you are reading this on-line, you may move directly to the appropriate section by clicking on the relevant link.
Book with a Single Author (8.35)
Book with more than One Author (8.36)
Book with an Author and an Editor or Only an Editor (8.37)
Article, Short Story, Essay, or Poem from an Anthology (8.38)
Multi-volume Work (8.39)
Book with Corporate, Government, or Group Authorship (8.40)
Article from an Academic Journal or Magazine (8.41)
Article, Editorial, or Letter from a Newspaper (8.42)
Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author (8.43)
Text Translated into English from Another Language (8.44)
Book Without a Named Author (8.45)
Review of a Book, Record, or Film (8.46)
Article from an Encyclopedia (8.47)
Personal Interview, Telephone Call, or Letter (8.48)
Laws, Statutes, Legal Decisions (8.49)
Material Quoted in Secondary Source (8.50)
Film or Videotape (8.52)
Television or Radio Program (8.53)
Records, Tapes, CD's, Live Performances (8.54)
Electronic Sources on Internet or CD ROM (8.55)
Lecture or Speech (8.56)
Work of Art (8.57)
Article on Microfilm or Microfiche (8.58)
Authors with Foreign Names (8.59)
Sample Lists of Works Cited (MLA and APA) (8.60)
8.35 For a book which has a single author and no editor or translator and which has not been published before, follow these two examples:
MLA
Adams, John. Adventures in Modern High Schools. New York: Harper &
Row, 1986.
APA:
Adams, J. (1986). Adventures in modern high schools. New York: Harper
& Row.
Notice that the author's surname comes first. The MLA then uses the Christian name or initial as it appears on the title page; the APA style uses only the initial (no matter what appears on the title page). Both titles are in italics or underlined (to indicate a book), but the capitalization is different. MLA style capitalizes each word except short conjunctions and prepositions and articles in the middle (e.g., in, and, of, the); APA style capitalizes the first word of the title and any names requiring capitals, but nothing else.
In MLA the date of publication comes at the very end; whereas, in the APA style, the date comes immediately after the author's name (in brackets). Note that if the citation goes on more than one line, the entry would be double spaced. Make sure there is a full stop at the end of the citation.
8.35.1 If the book you are listing is a reprint of a book originally published years before, indicate that in the entry.
MLA
Exmuth, William L. Harvest Songs. 1886. London: Folklore Press, 1969.
APA
Jackson, M. (1985). The limitations of psychological testing. New York: Adams Publishing.
(Original work published 1958).
8.35.2 If the text you are listing is a new edition of a book published earlier, there will usually some indication of this on the title page. If there is, then include that in the citation.
MLA
Shenstone, Jack R. How to Write College Essays. 6th ed. Vancouver: New Press, 1998.
APA
Shenstone, J. R. (1998). How to write college essays (6th ed.). Vancouver: New Press.
Note that in APA the indication of the edition is part of the title, with no period between the title and the number of the edition. In MLA the title is separated from the indication of the edition with a full stop.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.36 For a book with more than one author, follow these examples.
MLA
Danielson, Brenda R., and Stanley Smith. The Great Modern Invention: The Origins of the
Idea of Juvenile Delinquency. New York: Norton, 1965.
APA
Danielson, B. R., & Smith, S. (1965). The great modern invention: The origins of the idea
of juvenile delinquency. New York: Norton.
Note that with two authors, the MLA style links them with the word and; whereas, the APA style uses the ampersand (&). In MLA style, the second name is given normally (as it appears in the title); whereas, in APA style the second name is also inverted, with the surname first. And the APA style indicates first names only with the initial, no matter what appears on the title page.
In MLA style present the authors' names in the order in which they appear on the title page (not necessarily alphabetically).
If there are three authors, deal with that problem as follows:
MLA
Franklin, Janice, B. R. Abelard, and Max Carey. Title of the Work.
Publication Information.
APA
Franklin, J., Abelard, B., & Carey, M. (Date). Title of the work. Publication
Information.
If you are citing a book with more than three authors, then write the first name in the conventional way and add the symbols et al. (meaning "and others"). Note that there is no period after the first word (et). For example,
MLA:
Johnston, Ian C., et al. Essays on Various Subjects.
APA: Johnston, I. et al. (1995). Essays on various subjects.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.37 For a book with an author and an editor, follow the examples below:
MLA
Evans, Winona. Essays on Juvenile Behaviour. Ed. Henry L. Black. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1991.
APA
Evans, W. (1991). Essays on juvenile behaviour. H. L. Black (Ed.). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
If in your paper you have referred to the editor's introduction to the book (rather than the writer of the major text), then you need to cite the editor as one of the authors in the List of Works cited, as follows:
MLA
Black, Henry L. Introduction. Essays on Juvenile Behaviour. By Winona Evans. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1991.
APA
Black, H. (Ed.). (1991). Introduction. Essays on juvenile behaviour. By W. Evans.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Treat other parts of the book the same way if they are written by the editor or someone other than the author of the main text (e.g., Preface, Afterword, Epilogue).
If you wish to cite a book which has only an editor on the title page (for example, in a collection of essays by different people or a poetry anthology), then put the editor's name first, as follows:
MLA
Niebuld, Sharon J., ed. Poetry for the Masses. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988.
APA
Niebuld, S. J. (Ed.). (1988). Poetry for the masses. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
However, do not use this form if you have referred to a text in the work (i.e., some specific poem or essay or story from the book). For that reference use the author of the particular text you have cited (as in the examples in 8.38).
If there is more than one editor, then cite them both, as follows (note the plural form, eds):
MLA:
Johnston, Ian, and Jackson Twert, eds. Modern Essays in Criticism.
APA: Johnston, I., & Twert, J., (Eds.). (1987). Modern essays in
criticism.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.38 For an article, short story, essay, or poem from an anthology (i.e., a collection of short works by different authors), use the following formats:
MLA
Fish, Martha. "Understanding Young Sammy." Short Stories and Essays About Children.
Eds A. J. Corn and S. Heather Clements. Toronto: Buckhorn Press, 1998. 25-38.
APA
Fish, M. (1998). Understanding young Sammy. In A. J. Corn and S. H. Clements (Eds.),
Short stores and essays about children (pp. 25-38). Toronto: Buckhorn Press.
The references above are to a short work which is contained in a collection of short works by different writers. Note that the author of the work you have referred to in the paper comes first (not the name of the editor of the book). Follow the specific details of the punctuation and capitalization exactly, according to the convention you have chosen (MLA or APA). Note the different positions of the page numbers.
Note that in MLA style, the title of the anthologized work goes in double quotation marks; in APA there are no quotation marks.
Note that the first example above illustrates the standard MLA reference from an anthology of short stories or poems. Here is another example of the same style:
Keats, John. "The Eve of St. Agnes." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed.
M. H. Abrams et al. 5th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 1986. 2: 805-814.
In the above reference, the text has two volumes. The paper refers to a work in the second volume (hence the 2 in the page reference at the end).
In MLA style, if the work in the anthology is something which originally appeared as a single published title, then put its title in italics, as follows:
Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part One. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. . .
8.38.1 In APA style if the article you are citing from an anthology or anywhere else has been printed before elsewhere and you are using a reprint, then include that information, as follows:
Montrose, L., & Walker, M. (1995). Teaching priorities in the inner city. In J. Maxton
(Ed.), Education for the next century (pp. 60-65). Boston: Trax Press. (Reprinted
from Radical Pedagogy, 23 (1988), 15-27.)
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.39 If the reference is to a multi-volume work (e.g., a dictionary), then use the following formats.
MLA
Blom, Eric, ed. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 10 vols. New York: St. Martin's, 1961.
If you have used only one volume of a multi-volumed work, then indicate the volume you used, as follows:
Baxter, Martha, and Fred Jones. A History of Jazz. Vol. 2. New York: Pump Press, 1998.
APA
Blom, E. (Ed.). (1961). Grove's dictionary of music and musicians (Vols. 1-10). New York:
St. Martin's.
Note that in APA style there is no period between the title and the volume information.
If you wish to list a book which is a single volume of a series, then indicate the title of the individual volume and include the name of the series and volume number in the reference:
MLA
Churchill, Winston S. Their Finest Hour. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949. Vol. 2 of
The Second World War. 6 vols. 1948-1953.
APA
Churchill, W. (1949). Their finest hour. The second world war (Vol. 2). Boston:
Houghton Mifflin..
To refer to the entire Churchill text, set the reference up as follows:
Churchill, W. (1948-1953). The second world war (Vols. 1-6). Boston: Houghton
Mifflin
If each volume of a multi-volume work or a series of books has a different author and title, then list the title as follows:
MLA
Stewart, J. I. M. Eight Modern Writers. Vol. 12 of The Oxford History of English
Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.
Nepol, Josh. Introduction to Marquez. Strategies for Teaching Great Books 21. Toronto:
Anansi, 1999.
APA
Stewart, J. I. M. (1963). Eight modern writers. Oxford history English of literature
(Vol. 12). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Broughton, F. (1966) Marx. Critical Thinkers of Modern Times. London: Duke Press
In the last reference, the Marx text is part of a series called Critical Thinkers of Modern Times. However, the book carries no number to indicate its position in the series. If it did, that should be included after the name of the series.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.40 To cite a text with a group, government department, or company authorship, follow the examples given below:
MLA
British Columbia Teachers' Federation. Ethical Guidelines for Classroom Teachers.
Vancouver: Thorn Publishing, 1986.
Malaspina University-College Faculty Association. Report to the President and Board
on Workload Issues, 1995-1999. Nanaimo, BC: Malaspina University-College
Faculty Association, 2000.
APA
British Columbia Teachers' Federation. (1986). Ethical guidelines for classroom teachers.
Vancouver: Thorn Publishing.
Malaspina University-College Faculty Association. (2000). Report to the president and
board on workload issues, 1995-1999. Nanaimo, BC: Malaspina University-
College Faculty Association.
With government publications, list the publication by the name of the department, country, province, state, or city which authorized it. Follow that with the name of the particular bureaucracy which sponsored the publication (use the office name rather than the name of the official, including the division of that office, if necessary). Then write the title (in italics), the author (if there is one named), and the publication information, as follows:
MLA
Department of Regional Industrial Expansion. Foreign-Owned Subsidiaries in Canada:
1979-1981. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1984.
United States. Congressional House. Arms Control. By G. H. Reynolds. 39th Congress,
2nd sess. H. Rept. 101. 1866. New York: Arno, 1969.
APA
Department of Regional Industrial Expansion. (1984). Foreign-owned subsidiaries in
Canada: 1979-1981. Ottawa: Queen's Printer.
Government publications are sometimes particularly difficult to list properly. If you have to deal with them regularly, then consult a more detailed manual
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.41 To give a citation for an article from an academic journal or magazine with continuous pagination, follow the examples below:
MLA
Smith, Geoffrey S. "Vietnam Without Fear." Queen's Quarterly 90 (1983): 972-982.
APA
Smith, G. S. (1983). Vietnam without fear. Queen's Quarterly, 90, 972-982.
In each case, after the title of the journal, include the volume number (in Arabic numerals). Notice that in the APA style the volume number is part of the title and is in italics or underlined (as is the punctuation after it); whereas, in the MLA style the volume number is not part of the title and is therefore not in italics.
Include also the date of the issue of the journal (after the author's name in APA and after the journal number in MLA). Note that in MLA there is a colon before the page reference; in the APA style there is a comma before the page reference. Neither one has any symbol for page.
Notice that in APA style, the name of the journal has capital letters throughout (except for short prepositions, conjunctions, and articles).
The above examples are appropriate where the journal has several issues a year but the pages of all the issues are numbered continuously throughout the year (so that each new issue takes up the page number where the last one left off).
For magazines or journals which do not number the pages continuously from one issue to the next (i.e., which start each issue with the page number 1), then, in addition to supplying the volume number, you need in the citation to include the issue number, using the following formula:
MLA
. . . . Journal Name [Volume Number].[Issue Number]. [Year]: [pages]
Yang, Charles. "Post-modern Education." Journal of Experimental Teaching 2.3
(May 1997): 45-48.
APA
. . . . Journal Name, [Volume Number][(Issue Number)], [pages]
Yang, C. (1997). Post-modern education. Journal of Experimental Teaching 5 (3), 45-48.
Note that in APA style the volume number is part of the title and goes in italics (but not the issue number).
For a popular magazine without volume numbers, just give the month and year (for a monthly publication) or the date (for a weekly or biweekly publication). For such entries the APA style adds a symbol for pages, as in the following examples:
MLA:
Frankes, Norma S. "The End of the Affair." Romance Today April 1988: 13-25.
Harries, J. L. M. "The Arms Race Speeds Up." Newsweek 13 October 1974: 23-25.
APA
Frankes, N. S. (1988, April). The end of the affair. Romance Today, pp. 13-25.
Harries, J. L. M. (1974, October 13). The arms race speeds up. Newsweek, pp. 23-25.
If the article has no name for the author, then cite it by the title, as follows:
MLA
"King of the Courts." Time 2 August 1982: 37.
APA
King of the courts. (1982, August 2). Time, p. 37.
Notice that in APA, when the magazine or journal has no volume number, then the symbol for page (p.) or pages (pp.) is included in the reference (the symbol is omitted with journals or magazines with volume numbers).
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.42 To cite a text from a newspaper, follow the examples given below:
MLA
Blackson, Jim. "The Squeeze Begins." The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 15. September 1987: D1+
If you are citing an article in a newspaper that publishes more than one edition each day, then indicate the edition by adding, right after the date, the phrase late ed. or early ed.:
10 May 1999, late ed.: B2.
APA
Blackson, J. (1987, September 15). The squeeze begins. The Globe and Mail, pp. D1, D6.
The D before the page number indicates the relevant section of the paper. If the story continues onto another page, then indicate that in the citation. In MLA you can do this by adding a plus sign (+) after the first page, to indicate that the article continues elsewhere in the paper. In the APA style, give all the pages on which the article appears (as in the above example).
Notice that in MLA style it is customary to include the name of the city where the newspaper is published immediately after the title, unless the name of the city appears in the name of the newspaper (as in the Vancouver Sun, for example).
If the newspaper article has no author named, then cite the text by the title of the article. In APA style, place the date immediately after the title of the article.
If you are quoting from an unsigned editorial in the newspaper (on the editorial page), then indicate that after the title. If the editorial is signed, put the author's name first.
MLA
Gatling, Fiona. "Need for a Change." Editorial. The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 15 January,
1991: A6.
APA
Gatling, F. (1991, January 15). Need for a change [Editorial]. The Globe and Mail, p. A6.
If you are citing a letter to the editor, then after the title (if there is one), indicate the fact that this is from a letter. If there is no title, you cannot include one.
MLA
Marshall, Mike. Letter to the Editor. The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 18 February, 1991: A6.
APA
Marshall, M. (1991, February 18). [Letter to the editor]. The Globe and Mail, p. A6.
Note that in the above examples, if the Marshall letter to the editor had a title, that would appear before the letter to the editor insert, but the latter would remain in the reference.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.43 If you have to list in your Bibliography or List of Works Cited two or more works by the same author, then follow the conventions illustrated below:
MLA
Michaels, William H. Collected Essays. New York: Norton, 1956.
---. "Discipline in the Public Schools." Educational Advisor. Ed. S. R. Nicol. Toronto:
Anansi, 1985. 36-50.
Notice that here you do not repeat the name of the author. You indicate that the author is the same as the immediately previous entry by typing three consecutive hyphens and a full stop. If the same author had more titles, this procedure of the three consecutive hyphens would be repeated for the next entries. List the entries alphabetically by title.
APA
Michaels, W. H. (1956). Collected essays. New York: Norton, 1956.
Michaels, W. H. (1985). Discipline in the public schools. In S. R. Nicol (Ed.) Educational
advisor (pp. 36-50). Toronto: Anansi.
In APA style, the name of the author is repeated for each entry. List the entries chronologically (i.e., by the date), not alphabetically.
Sometimes the problems with the same author for several articles can cause difficulties, especially when you are dealing with articles which have multiple authorship, a particular problem in some social science research papers. If you have problems with this citation format, then consult the Publication Manual of the APA. The basic principles are as follows:
8.43.1 Single-author entries precede multiple author entries which begin with the same surname.
8.43.2 If the first author has a number of articles co-written with different people, list the entries alphabetically by the surname of the second or third author, as necessary.
8.43.3 With multiple references to the same author in APA style, you arrange the entries chronologically (earliest to latest), and not alphabetically by the title.
If you are listing two or more works by the same author which appeared in the same year, then list those titles alphabetically.
Johnston,
I. (1996). Farewell to North America. . . .
Johnston, I. (1998). Exploring Africa. . . .
Johnston, I. (1998). Dealing with rogue elephants. . . .
Johnston, I. (1998). Goodbye Nairobi. . . .
Johnston, I. (2000). Afterthoughts on jungle travel. . . .
The first and last entries are not part of the alphabetical list, because they appeared at different dates. Note the list goes from the earlier to the later works, except for the texts all published in 1998, where the ordering is alphabetical.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.44 With a book translated from another language, you must include the name of the translator in the citation, as follows:
MLA
Kafka, Franz. Collected Short Works. Trans. R. S. Muir. London: Macmillan, 1976.
If the translator also edited the book, then indicate that as follows:
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science. Trans. and Ed. Peter Jones. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1995.
If the translator and editor are different then indicate that as follows:
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science. Trans. Peter Jones. Ed. Martha Murphy. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1998.
If the reference in the paper is to something written by the translator (something not part of the translated text) then cite that as follows:
Jones, Peter, trans. The Gay Science. By Friedrich Nietzsche. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1995.
APA
Kafka, F. (1976). Collected short works. (R. S. Muir, Trans.). London: Macmillan.
Glock, S. (1995). Mechanical models. (J. Fish, Trans.). London: Maxim Press. (Original
Work published in 1967).
Note the last example above refers to a work first published in the original language in 1967. Include this information if the translation is of a published book. That is not included in the other APA citation because that collection of short stories had not appeared in that particular collected form before.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.45 For a book without an author or editor listed, follow the examples below:
MLA
The National Atlas of Canada.
4th Ed. Toronto: Macmillan, 1974.
APA
The national atlas of Canada.
(1974). (4th ed.). Toronto: Macmillan.
Where there is no author, the title comes first, and in the list of Works Cited at the end of the paper the first word of the title (excluding The, A, or An) determines its place in the alphabetical order.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.46 To cite a review article which deals with a book, film, record, report or other similar work, follow the examples listed below:
MLA:
Backhouse, John L. "Arms and the Man." Review of The Weapons Industry, by
Neil Johnson. Playboy 11 May 1985: 15-20.
McGarry, Frances. "A New Case for Male Chauvinism." Review of Where Have All
the Men Gone? By Alex French. Contemporary Psychology 36 (1990): 264-265.
APA
Backhouse, J. L. (1985, May 11). Arms and the man [Review of The weapons industry].
Playboy, pp. 15-20.
McGarry, F. (1990). A new case for male chauvinism [Review of Where have all the
men gone?]. Contemporary Psychology, 36, 264-265.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.47 To cite an article from an encyclopaedia, follow the examples below:
MLA
Myrtleson, Fred. "Canadian Literature." Encyclopaedia Canadiana.
1985 ed.
APA
Myrtleson, F. (1985). Canadian literature. In Encyclopaedia Canadiana.
If there is no author indicated, then start the entry with the title.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.48 For material based on a personal interview, telephone call, or letter (including e-mail) follow the examples below:
MLA
List the personal communication in the references at the end of the essay, using the following format:
Clark,
Glenn. Personal interview. 27 September 1999.
Clark, Glenn. Letter to author. 27 September 1999.
If the interview you are citing is from a published source, then indicate that:
Markson, Janice. Interview. Sports Illustrated. July 1994: 8-12.
For a radio or television interview, indicate the details as follows:
Nepalessa, Alice. Interview. KVOS. Seattle, WA. 14 April 1998.
APA
For personal (unprinted) communication, indicate the source of the material in your written text when you refer to it, and then leave any citation to that out of the List of Works Cited or the Bibliography at the end of the paper. The in-text reference should look something like the following:
Premier Clark (personal interview, September 27, 1999) assured us that . . . .
I later learned this information was false (M. Smith, letter, September 10, 1998)
In APA you do not need to include any listing for Clark or Smith in the list of Works Cited.
In APA style, the reference to a published interview would appear as follows:
Markson, J. (1994). [Interview with Fred Thomas]. Sports Illustrated (July), pp. 3-5.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.49 The citation forms for laws, statutes, legal decisions (e.g., Supreme Court rulings) and so forth can be quite complex. If you have to deal with these regularly, then consult a detailed handbook on the matter. The commonest forms are the following:
MLA
B.C. Law, Statutes, etc. Human Rights Code, R. S. B. C. 1982, ch. 186. Victoria:
Queen's Printer, 1983.
Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Bill C-64: An Act to Amend the Income Tax
Act. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1987.
APA
Human Rights Code of 1982, R. S. B. C. Chpt. 186 (1983).
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.50 In MLA style, if you have used quotations cited in secondary sources (i.e., not in their original context), then indicate that reference the List of Works Cited or Bibliography, as follows:
Daichem, Sydney. "Reader Response Criticism Today." College English 44 (1982): 136.
Quoted in David Esmond, Modern Approaches to Literature. London: Chatto and
Windus, 1985. 35.
Notice that the citation lists first the author of the quoted material, then the title of the original article where the material appeared and the original source. Then the citation lists the details of the source where you found the material and from which you borrowed it.
In APA style, you would normally not list the original source for material. See 8.17 above.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.51 Do not list the Bible in the List of Works Cited, unless you use a version other than the King James Version. Do not underline or put the word Bible (or any book from the Bible) in italics if you are using the King James Version. Put in italics all other versions of the bible (if you use the full title).
8.52 For a film or videotape, base your citation on the following examples.
MLA
Riding Westward. Dir. Sam Spade. Perf. Robert DeNiro, Julia Roberts, and Bob Dylan.
Warner Bros., 1973.
APA
Spade, S. (Director). (1973). Riding westward [Film]. Los Angeles: Warner Bros.
Note that in MLA style, you may include a brief list of the major performers. If you are calling attention to a particular director's work (rather than just to the film), then start with his name (as in the APA style). In APA style, indicate after the title whether the work is a film or videotape.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.53 To cite particular episodes of a television or radio program, provide the following information: (1) the title of the episode (in quotation marks), if appropriate, (2) the title of the program (in italics), (3) the title of the series (in normal font), if appropriate, (4) the name of the network, (5) call letters and city of the local station, if appropriate, and (6) the broadcast date.
MLA
"Your Health Insurance." Narr. Mike Wallace. Sixty Minutes. CBS. KMTV, Spokane.
23 March. 1996.
The Adventures of Tom Jones. By Henry Fielding. Adapt. Jason Black. Perf. Max Adrian,
Jennifer Flowers, and Charles Murchie. 4 episodes. Masterpiece Theatre.
Intro. Russell Baker. PBS. KCTS, Seattle. 24 April -15 May, 1995.
APA
French, A. (Producer) & Machis, R. (director). (4 January 1998). Eating your heart out \
[Television Program]. Vancouver, BC: CBC.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.54 For recordings (records, tapes, CD's), you start the citation with the name of the person involved who is the basis for your reference in your own text (performing artist, songwriter, composition, or conductor). Remember that song titles go in double quotation marks (in MLA) and without special indications (in APA) and that album titles go in italics (or underlined).
MLA
Butchie, Jeannie. "You're My Baby." Perf. with Len Martin and the Gap. I'll Be Seeing
You. CD. London: Dogface Recording (1999).
APA
Butchie, J. (Vocalist). (1998). You're my baby. [Recorded with L. Martin and the Gap].
On I'll be seeing you [Cassette Recording]. London: Dogface Recording. (1999).
In the APA citation above the first date after the author is the copyright date of the song. The final date is the date of the recording of the cassette. In these examples, Jeannie Butchie is the person who wrote and performed the song.
8.54.1 If you are citing a live performance, then start the citation with either the name of the show or the name of the person whose contribution you are have referred to, as follows:
MLA
Cats. By Andrew Lloyd Webber. Dir. Jack Stone. O'Keefe Centre, Toronto. 23 October 1995.
Lloyd, Bill (director). Copenhagen. By Michael Frayn. Newton Playhouse, Cambridge.
27 September 2000.
APA
Dylan, Bob (Vocalist). (13 May 1998). Bob Dylan live: 1998 concert tour [Concert].
Bristol, England: Hippodrome Theatre.
King, Rowena (Performer). (22 June 1968). Round the world we go [Play]. Seattle, WA:
Actors' Workshop Studio.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.55 Electronic sources (from the Internet, CD-ROM data bases, newsgroups, and so on, can present special problems. If you are using a wide variety of electronic references, then consult an appropriate style manual. The following sections cover only the most common.
8.55.1 Internet listings can create a formatting problem because the URL (Internet address) is so long that it will often have to start a new line. Try to keep to the original margins of the text as much as possible by breaking the URL with a space, so that part of it is on one line and part on the next (as in many of the following examples).
8.55.2 Personal Web Site (Home Page)
MLA
Johnston, Ian. Home page. 12 February 1998 <http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/
index.htm>.
johnstonia. Home Page of Ian Johnston. 12 February 1998. <http://www.mala.bc.ca/
~johnstoi/index.htm>.
APA
Johnston, I. Home page. Retrieved on 12 February 1998 from World Wide Web:
http://www.mala.bc. ca/~johnstoi/index.htm
Note that both styles require you to include the date you accessed the material. This is important information about an electronic source, because some e-texts change frequently.
Such references to home pages will not occur very often, because in most cases you will be listing a document you have accessed from the home page. In such a case, you would list the document you retrieved and omit any reference to the home page where you first linked to the material.
8.55.3 Book (E-text)
MLA
The basic format for an MLA entry looks like this:
Author or editor. Title of the Print Version. Edition (if available). Place of Publication of
the Print Version (if available): publisher, date. Title of the Electronic Work. Editor
(if there is one). Date you accessed the material. URL of the material.
If the document does not exist in a print version and there is no publication information, then start with author (if there is one) and continue with the title of the electronic work, as illustrated above. If there is no date available on the electronic text, then indicate that with the abbreviation n.d. (for no date). Here are some examples:
Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. Harvard Classics Volume 25. P. F. Collier & Son, 1909.
On Liberty (Selections from the Internet Wiretap Online Edition). Ed. Ian Johnston. 9
November 1998 <http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/essays/Mill.htm>.
APA
The APA version of the same titles would look like the following:.
Mill, J. S. (1909). On Liberty: Selections from the internet wiretap edition. I. Johnston (Ed.).
Retrieved 9 November 1998 from the World Wide Web:http://www.mala.bc.ca/
~johnstoi/ essays/http://www.mala.bc.ca/ ~johnstoi/essays/Mill.htm
8.55.4 Article in a Reference Database
MLA
The form is basically the same as for a book, except that the citation includes the date you accessed the material. If the author is not given, then start with the title. Here are some examples:
Jackson, Shirley L. "Renaissance Painting." Britannica Online: Macropaedia. 1995. Online
Encyclopaedia Britannica. 23 April 1998 <http://www.eb.com: 180/cgibin/
g:DocF=macro/5004-50/0.html>.
Dylan, Bob. "Brownsville Girl." The Book of Bob. 21 July 1998 <http://www.fmi-fcia.
uchicago.edu/jrr/lyrics/31browns.htm>.
Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. Electronically Enhanced Text. World Library, 1991. The
World's Greatest Classic Books. 1995. [CD-ROM]. Corel Corporation, 1995.
Note that with a CD-ROM, you indicate the version you accessed, but you do not need to indicate the date you consulted it; whereas, with an internet source, you indicate the date you retrieved the information.
If the article on line numbers its paragraphs then provide in the citation an indication of the length of the article, as follows:
Maxinter, John. "Shakespeare's Ghost Revisited." Early Modern Literary Studies 2.4 (1996):
15 pars. 23 January 1999 <http://www.tulsa.edu/emsl/max96/ghost.html>.
The phrase 15 pars. in the above citation indicates that the article is 15 paragraphs long. Include this only if the article numbers each paragraph.
APA
The APA entries for the above examples and similar ones would be as follows:
Jackson, Shirley L. (1995). Renaissance painting. Britannica online: Macropaedia.
Retrieved 23 April, 1998 from online Encyclopaedia Britannica on the World
Wide Web: http:// www.eb.com: 180/cgi-bin/g:DocF=macro/5004-50/0.html.
Dylan, Bob. Brownville girl.. Retrieved 21 July, 1998 from The Book of Bob. Retrieved
from the World Wide Web: http://www.fmi-fcia.uchicago.edu/ jrr/lyrics/
31browns.htm
Mill, John Stuart. (1991). On liberty. World Library. The world's greatest classic books
[CD ROM]. Corel Corporation.
Note that you break the URL in the middle (with a space) in order to have it run over onto the next line. Try to keep to the margins of the original text in this way, rather than having the URL always on a single line.
8.55.5 Article from Article Index Database
MLA
Johannsen, Hans. "Why Public Transit Systems Are in Crisis." New Jersey Business Journal
21.12 (1999): EBSCO database. May 14 2000 <http//www.ebsco.com>
APA
Johannsen, H. (1999). Why public transit systems are in crisis. New Jersey Business Journal,
21 (12), 27+. Retrieved May 14, 2000 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on
the World Wide Web: http://www.ebsco.com
8.55.5 Electronic Journal or Magazine Article
MLA
The basic formula for a citation of an electronic journal article in MLA is as follows:
Author. "Title of Article." Name of Journal. Volume.Issue (Year): indication of length. Date
of access.<URL>.
O'Reilly, Sheila. "Shakespeare's Identity Once More." Electronic Shakespeare 2.4 (1998):
18 pars. 14 March 2000 <http://www.indiana.edu/jackson/eshak/ident.html>. .
Heinrich, Jennifer. "Retooling the School System." Education News March-April 1997:
23-27. 18 pars. CD-ROM. Education Prospects 1997. Article 04.
Nolath, Ryan. "Where Do We Go From Here?" Economic Prospects 3 June 1998. 30
September 1999. http://www.ecpro.com/edop/3_6_98/art2.html
Do not indicate the length in pages of a copy you printed out, since different printers produce different page lengths for the same document. Give the page numbers only if the e-text indicates the original pages in the paper publication (as for entry two above).
APA
The basic formula for APA electronic journal citations are as follows:
Author. (Year). Title. Name of Journal , volume (issue), pages or indication of length.
Retrieval date and Source (URL)
Marshall, S. (1999). More Trouble In Store in Kosovo. Peace Weekly, 5, pp. 5-10.
Retrieved 3 March 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.mich.edu/
prospects/peace.html
Heinrich, J. (1997). Retooling the school system, pp. 23-27. Retrieved from Education
prospects 1997 (Article 04). CD-ROM.
Malapert, R. (1997). Reforming professional sports salary structures. Pro Sports, 11.
Retrieved 13 September 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.prosport.
com/articles/salary.html
The online reference above which include page numbers (see the second APA example) get the figures from the information provided at the start of the article. The numbers indicate the pages in the published version of the article. Where this information is not given, you cannot provide an indication of the number of pages (as in the last example).
8.55.6 E-Mail
Treat any citations to e-mail as you would letters, i.e., treat them as personal communications. See 8.48 above.
8.55.7 Poetry Online
In MLA style, list a bibliographic reference to a poem as follows:
Sloan, Jack. "Ode to My Navel." Silly Poems of Unknown Minors. Nanaimo, 1968. An
Anthology of Silly Verse. Ed. Ian Johnston. March 1997. Malaspina University-
College. 15 January 1998 <http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/poems/
navel.htm>.
Notice that the citation includes after title of the poem, the name of the collection in which it appears, together with the original publication date (in print). That is followed by the online title in which the collection appears, followed by the name of the editor and the date he prepared that poem for online posting (if that date is available). The final date is the date you retrieved the material (right before the URL). For many entries, you will not need all this information (especially if the poem has not appeared in print before) or the information might not be available.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.56 To prepare a citation for an unpublished lecture or speech identify the speaker (as the author), the title of the lecture or speech (if there is one), the sponsoring agency or the course, the place, and the date. If the speech has no title, then indicate a descriptive title.
MLA
Johnston, Ian C. Lecture to LBST 112 class. Malaspina University-College, Nanaimo.
April 1, 1999.
Jackson, Terry. "Limitations of Evaluation Strategies." New Perspectives on Education
Conference. University of British Columbia, January 10, 1997.
APA
Johnston, I. (1999, April 1). Lecture. LBST 112. Malaspina University-College.
Jackson, T. (1997, January 10). Limitations of evaluation strategies. Paper presented at the
New Perspectives on Education Conference at the University of British Columbia,
Vancouver.
Note from the above examples that if the lecture has a title, it is included it in place of the word lecture, in double quotation marks in MLA and underlined in APA.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.57 To cite a work of art in MLA, begin with the artist's name, then the title of the work (in italics or underlined), and the place where it is located (museum, gallery, or private collection), as follows:
Buonini, Angelo. The Sacrifice of Isaac. Angela and Joseph Klein Collection, Toronto.
Gallagher, Joseph. View of the Liffey. National Gallery, London.
If you are citing a work of art found in a book, then include that information as follows:
Buonini, Angelo. The Sacrifice of Isaac. Angela and Joseph Klein Collection, Toronto.
Plate 12 in Great Modern Paintings on Biblical Themes. By Earnest Worthing.
New York: Pan Books, 1997.
In APA style a citation to a work of art would look as follows:
Maxinus, Joseph (Artist). (1673). The adoration of the angels [Painting]. Barcelona:
Alfredo Gallery.
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.58 To cite a text taken from a microfilm or microfiche, treat it exactly the same way as the printed version of the journal or newspaper you are citing, but indicate that you have used a microfilm or microfiche version and the information about the name of the microform and the period it covers.
MLA
Harrup, Jane. "Trouble on the Docks." Vancouver Sun 14 February 1998: A13. Vancouver
Sun (1998): microfilm, February 1-15.
APA
Harrup, J. (1998, February 14). Trouble on the docks. Vancouver Sun, p. A13. Vancouver
Sun (1998) February 1-15 [Microfilm].
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.59 If your list of author includes a number of foreign names, note the following examples:
Beethoven, Ludwig van
Clauswitz, Carl von
Dante Aligheri
Medici, Lorenzo de
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Ronsard, Pierre de
Vander Zalm, William
In other words, there are many complications with some names derived from foreign languages. If you have to deal with many names like this, consult a style manual.
As a general rule, if the De, La, Van, Von, Du, and so on are commonly with the surname, then treat the prefix as part of the last name (e.g., Vander Zalm, De Gaulle). If the prefix is commonly not part of the surname, then list the author by the last name only (e.g., von Clauswitz would be listed under Clauswitz).
[Back to List of Types of Entry]
8.60 Start the List of Works Cited on a separate page at the end of the paper. Make sure all entries are double spaced, with no additional space between entries. Work with a sample list in front of you. Below are two short examples of an appropriate List of Works Cited. Note that many of the titles are made up.
Notice that the list keeps to the margins of the original text, has the same font, and uses hanging indent form. Note also that URL entries also keep to the same margins as the text.
MLA
List of Works Cited
The Adventures of Tom Jones. By Henry Fielding. Adapt. Jason Black. Perf. Max Adrian,
Jennifer Flowers, and Charles Murchie. 4 episodes. Masterpiece Theatre.
Intro. Russell Baker. PBS. KCTS, Seattle. 24 April -15 May, 1995.
Fleischer, Eugene B. A Style Manual for Citing Microform and Nonprint Media. Chicago:
American Library Association, 1978.
Gibaldi, Joseph, and Walter S. Achert. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1985.
Johnston, Ian C. Lecture. LBST 112 class. Malaspina University-College, Nanaimo.
April 1, 1999.
---. The Ironies of War: An Introduction to Homer's Iliad. Landover, M.: University Press of
America, 1987.
---. Personal Interview by Author. 27 September 1997.
Sloan, Jack. "Ode to My Navel." Silly Poems of Unknown Minors. Nanaimo, 1968. An
Anthology of Silly Verse. Ed. Ian Johnston. March 1997. Malaspina University-
College. 15 January 1998 <http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/poems/
navel.htm>.
Smith, Geoffrey S. "Vietnam Without Fear." Queen's Quarterly 90 (1983): 972-982.
O'Reilly, Sheila. "Shakespeare's Identity Once More." Electronic Shakespeare 2.4 (1998):
18 para. 14 March 2000 <http://www.indiana.edu/jackson/eshak/ident.html>.
Zybolschev, Gregor S. "The Weekend at the Lake." Short Stories by Newcomers to Canada.
Ed. John Harris. Vancouver: Blackstone Press, 1987. 26-32.
APA
List of Work Cited
[Note that this list follows the hanging paragraph style (as in MLA). This is acceptable, unless you are submitting the essay for publication to an APA journal, in which case you must use the normal paragraph style (indenting the first line to the right and leaving the other lines at the left hand margin). In such a case (submitting the article for publication), you use underlining instead of italics]
Black, H. (Ed.). (1991). Essays on juvenile behaviour. By W. Evans. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
British Columbia Teachers' Federation. (1986). Ethical guidelines for classroom teachers.
Vancouver: Thorn Publishing.
Glock, S. (1995). Mechanical models. (J. Fish, Trans.). London: Maxim Press. (Original
Work published in 1967).
Jameson, R. (1999). What we must do about child labour. [17 pars.]. World Peace Journal,
3, Retrieved 13 May 2000 from World Wide Web: http://www.uga.edu/wpj/
03/labour. html.
Johannsen, H. (1999). Why public transit systems are in crisis. New Jersey Business Journal,
21 (12), pp. 27+. Retrieved May 14, 2000 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on
the World Wide Web: http://www.ebsco.com
Michaels, W. H. (1980). Discipline in the public schools. In S. R. Nicol (Ed.) Educational
advisor (pp. 36-50). Toronto: Anansi.
Montrose, L., & Walker, M. (1995). Teaching priorities in the inner city. In J. Maxton
(Ed.), Education for the next century. Boston: Trax Press. (Reprinted from Radical
Pedagogy, 23 (1988), 15-27.)
8.61 Make sure you include in your list of Works Cited the primary sources you are referring to in the paper (e.g., the edition of the text you are interpreting).
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