- Sap Suckers
- Overview
- General
- homoptera & hemiptera (& spider mites)
- piercing/sucking; feed on sap; on leaves or bark
- dispersal: flight, wind, crawling
- may be mobile or sessile
- aphids: 'naked', both conifers & decid., cornicles - honeydew
- adelgids: woolly or galls, conifers only
- BC hosts: typically B, S & Fd
- life cycles may be complex (various hosts & forms)
- damage is primarily reduced growth/stress, but IAB
- general symptoms
- chlorotic foliage
- leaf spots
- kinked needles
- early leaf drop
- aphid: honeydew ... sooty mold
- adelgid: galls / woolly tufts
- Control Options
- predators - ladybugs, lacewings, hover/syrphid flies (larva)
- parasitoids - wasps (Ichneumonids & Brachonids), flies (Tachinids)
- insecticides - safers soap, dormant oils, pyrethoids - for aphids (nymphs), less so for adelgids (wax, galls)
- spp. mgmt (alternate species)
- regulations (quarantine, movement)
- Spruce Aphid (IAS)
- Elatobium abietinum
- H&R
- coastal BC (QCI) on Ss (ornamentals)
- Biology
- aphid ...
- outbreaks - brief & periodic
- older needles (underside) - inner crown
- S&S
- the bug
- green with red eyes
- wingless (apterae) winter-spring
- winged (alatae) - summer
- the tree
- yellow spot ... needle yellow ... drops in summer
- inner/ lower crown
- Damage
- periodic outbreaks
- QCI '81-'91 5000 ha, patches with 10% mortality
- increasing in abundance? e. coast VI (ornamentals)
- ↓ increment
- (mortality)
- aesthetics
- Mgmt
- forest - nothing
- nursery/ ornamentals - insecticides, predators
- Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid (IAG)
- Adelges cooleyi
- H&R
- Fd & S (Ss, Sw, Se)
- throughout host range in BC
- Biology
- adelgid ...
- S ↔ Fs
- 2 yrs to return to original host spp
- many generations / year
- 6 forms
- Spruce
- attack emerging buds (spring)
- green - purple gall forms (bedrooms)
- galls brown & open Aug/Sept → Fd
- Douglas-fir
- eggs laid Sept - OW
- emerge & feed spring/summer
- winged form late summer → S
- S&S
- S
- galls (green → purple → brown) at tips
- separate chambers
- Fd
- needles - kinked and discoloured
- white tufts on underside
- Damage
- ↓ increment
- loss of future 'cone sites' on S
- aesthetics on Fd (xmas trees)
- Mgmt
- forest - nothing
- seed orch./ nursery/ ornam./ Xmas trees
- predators
- remove galls before emergence
- spp mgmt - eliminate one
- insecticides
- last 2 yrs (xmas)
- soaps, oils, pyretherins, others
- quaratine in US
- Balsam Woolly Adelgid (IAB)
- Adelges piceae
- H&R
- Bg, Ba, Bl
- susceptibility vs. damage (to date)
- Biology
- introduced from Europe
- NE US 1900
- PNW US 1929
- Florida 1956
- BC 1958
- parthenogenesis (girls, girls, girls)
- adelgid ...
- dispersal
- L1 = crawler + phototaxis, wingless, sessile
- wind
- movement of goods (logs & seedlings)
- 2-4 generations/ yr, 100 (200) eggs
- OW as nymph
- S&S
- gout
- white woolly tufts on thin bark - purple smear
- Damage
- mortality
- ↓ increment
- deformity - top kill
- loss of B as preferred spp in some areas
- Mgmt
- predators - tried - no work
- insecticides - possible at crawler stage - not feasible
-
- fell & burn trees in winter
- debark before transport
-
- permit to grow Abies
- need to treat for BWA
-
- no movement of trees out of quarantine zone
- logs OK if watered & promptly processed
- NO mention of debarking logs
- movement of cut trees/ foliage restricted Jan 31 - Nov 1 for anywhere in BC
- restrict planting of B
- FG criteria: any adelgid gouting
