- Bark Beetle Mgmt
- Review
- Finding the needle in the haystack
- size (big cylinders)
- smell (kairomones: alcohol, pinene, myrcene)
- taste
- It makes "scents"
- aggregation pheromones
- anti-aggregation pheromones
- I got the blues
- blue stain fungus (Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis)
- symbiotic (overcome tree defences, "protection", moisture, nutrition)
- Timing is everything
- syncrony - in time with each other
- phenology - in time with seasons
- ... survival & mass attack
- I gotta go (or "hedging my bet")
- local spread +
- long distance disperal =
- risk spreading strategy
- Other
- flight - keep flying if bright & warm
- host susceptibility
- age
- vigour
-
- Graph1: Stand Resistance vs. Beetle Numbers (epidemic / endemic)
- stand resistance
- age
- density, competition
- drought, stress
- beetle numbers
- mild winters
- warm summers
- abundant hosts
- Graph 2: "combine" graph & mgmt approaches
- long term (preventative)
- short term (direct control)
- Strategies
- Strategy vs. Tactic
- suppression
- maintenance
- salvage ... abandon
-
- Annual Monitoring
- Aerial overview
- Walk through
- Landscape Level
- Log most susceptible stands first
- old (80+ yr), with high % Pl
- Create an age class mosaic
- old Pl patches are 'small in size' and separated in space
- but ... "spreading out the cut" means increased roads
- good for access for treatment
- need proper construction & maintenance !
- allow fire as natural disturbance
- "breaks up the landscape" (as above)
- less "old pine forest"
- issues: public safety, bigger fires harder to suppress
- Stand Level
- Plan for shorter rotation age
- minimize stands >80yrs (log when 80-100yr, not 100+ yrs)
- Promote mixed species
- ecologically appropriate
- at planting
- at spacing
- Remove pine from mixed stands
- for mature stands
- get the Pl component before the beetle
- Maintain tree vigour
- primarily density control ...
- juvenile spacing of younger stands
- Beetle-proof stands
- thin from below (i.e. leave larger, vigourous)
- target inter-tree spacing 4-5m (<500 sph)
- increases
- wind
- beetles no fly in 'strong wind'
- pheromones 'swept away'
- light & temp
- beetles keep flying
- tree vigour
- increases resistance
-
- Intensive pop'n monitoring
- typical annual survey plus ...
- beetle probes to determine green/red ratio
- Fell the Trees
- Sanitation Logging
- 'get the green attack' BEFORE emergence
- most common for large infestations
- most cost effective treatment
- actual block includes green, red & non-attack
- need to process logs (bark) before emergence
- Spot Treatment
- small & isolated patches
- early attempts: fall, limb & expose to sun (rotate)
- also fall and debark (labour intensive)
- fall & burn
- Salvage Logging
- recover stand before value is lost
- NO impact on beetle population
-
- initially thought to be 4-8 years
- now it's maybe 8-12 years
- depends on
- properties of the tree (size)
- logging costs vs. product value
- product (lumber, pulp chips, bioenergy)
- has an big impact on AAC
- AAC temporarily increased for salvage
- falldown effect sooned and deeper if 5 yr shelf life assumed
- Debarking Trees
- not really a feasible treatment
- issue: ALL bark needs to be removed
- methods tried
- by hand with long-handled tools (4 m)
- wrap tree with detonating cord
- tree monkey
- Semiochemicals
- Mass Trapping
- pheromone traps to concentrate beetles
- not a "stand alone" option
- done with sanitation or spot trtmt
- Repellant/ Anti-aggregation Pheromone
- verbenone
- 'pushes beetles' from high value stands/trees
- push / pull treatment best
- experimental
- used in urban/rural areas
- parks
- golf courses
- campsites
- etc.
- Broadcast Fire
- "sanitation fire" - get the green attack
- can be difficult to manage
- requires an intense fire to ensure brood mortality
- (have used flame throwers)
- public safety
- can be $$ to extinguish
- "Do Nothing" ('cept monitor)
- aka abandon where ...
- ... inaccessible or inoperable
- ... protected areas (parks)
- ... area is just too fricking big
- "Hard" Chemicals
- funny to think about
- agriculture use 91% of all pesticides
- forestry accounts for 1%
- municipal, golf, home & garden ... the rest
- most regulated ...
- "old school" (50's - 70's)
-
- soaks in the bark
- prevent attack or kills attacking beetles
- carbaryl or permethrin / pyrethoids
- env. issues ... not "operational" (but used in urban setting)
- systemic injection
- less env. issues
- but ... blue stain & galleries block translocation
- ... need to be treated w/in 3 weeks of attack
- ... used MSMA (arsenic)
- not used any more
- High Value Trees
- Protective Insecticide (carbaryl - Sevin or Dursban or permethrin - Astro)
- Fibreglass wrap on trunk
- verbenone
