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- Boxing Ring ... 4 corners
- Society
- aesthetics
- biodiversity
- culture
- fish
- forage / range
- timber
- recreation
- soils
- water
- wildlife
- "other resources"
- Forest Company
- engineer a cut block
- harvesting
- planting
- (brushing)
- free growing
- juvenile spacing
- Pathogens
- DDx
- DRx
- DRA & DRL
- DRT, DRN & DRR
- DSx
- DSB
- DSC / DSS
- DSA
- "DED" & "CB"
- DFS (red band)
- DMx
- DMP & DMH
- Trees
- structure/ built-in
- lignin
- cork
- compartments (rays & latewood
- toxins
- primary resin
- reactions
- hypersensitive response
- periderm
- callous
- CODIT reactions
- secondary resin
- indirect
- endophytic fungi (antagonism)
- wet wood (anaroebic)
- ID vs Diagnose
- ID
- signs are present
- diagnosis
- based on symptoms (no signs)
- non-systematic
- just consider all possible agents one at a time
- exhaustive and time consuming
- not a good idea
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- previously constructed by someone else
- a series of Q's with 2 choices
- what if you can't answer the first Q?
let's play Doctor! :o)
- based on evidence & reasoning
- analytical process
- gather evidence
- host species
- location/ ecosystem
- S&S
- list of possible agents
- consider most likely agent(s) first
- database
- allows user to enter what they know
- list of possible agents increases with addition of new symptoms
- first version it decreased
- but what if ...
- so now ...
- can also add a weighting factor to indicate "most likely culprit"
- Disease Development Over Time
- steady state, continued presence (decay; DMx & DRx in OG)
- slowly builds and continually increases over time (DRx or DMx in a "new stand")
- peaks at a certain age, then declines (stem rusts)
- classic endemic with periodic outbreaks (stem rusts in wave years, DRR, foliar)
- "Damage"
- impact
- good or bad or indifferent??
- tree-based
- mortality
- reduced growth
- decay
- wood quality
- stress
- stand-based
- delay regen
- NSR patches
- speed succession (if targets a pioneer species, DMP)
- change in forest structure (DRx & windthrow)
- change in tree species (DSB, DED, CB)
- Hazard & Risk
- Hazard
- consequence
- likely damage due to infection
- Risk
- chance
- likelihood for disease to occur
- Mgmt decision
- Foliar disease ... risk?? ... hazard??
- Rhizina ... risk?? ...hazard??
- Armillaria ... risk?? ... hazard??
- H&R tables depend on 3 factors ...
- pathogen ... good for learning
- host ... good for ID/ diagnostics
- ecosystem (site/ climate/ history) ... good for mgmt
- "How Much" (= intensity)
- incidence - %host or better yet %trees
- severity (how badly infected ... DMx)
- Where is it (spatial distribution)
- is it uniform or
- can we stratify (esp DRx)
- Thresholds
- low ("minimum") - "don't worry, be happy"
- moderate ("alternate") - think before action
- high - thoughtful action ... or delay ... or "walk away"
- Know your enemy ... and be practical
- Know Your Enemy
- applied biology ... to find 'weaknesses'
- hosts
- infection & tree defense
- development over time
- "good forestry"
- there is no forest health agent at the moment
- grow a happy forest
- species choice (promote a mix)
- manage density (JS)
- "Actively" Manage
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- use alternate (mixed) species
- treat sooner (JS & DSA)
- "do nothing"
- too expensive to treat (i.e. rehab.)
- other resource more valued
- wait and see if it even happens (DRR, DSG)
- live with losses (most foliar)
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- harvest early (get what ya can, 'cause it's only gonna get worse)
- engineering ("clean/ straight boundaries", target infected areas)
- remove inoculum (stump/ push-over, knock down, burn) - "prevents future" ...
- sanitize (JS & rusts/ DMx/DRL) - "cleans out present" ...
- minimize infection target (prune for DSB) - "prevents future"
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