- Abiotic ... Injuries
- Temperature
- Hardiness
- varies with ...
- species
- age
- plant part (cold: bark, wood, roots)
- provenance / location
- recent weather
- env factors
- wind
- moisture
- aspect (& slope steepness)
- exposure (vs. shading, bark thickness, forest floor, snow)
- Cold
- General
- dormancy
- no growth or development ... resting
- endo-dormancy ... "within" - fall-winter
- develops with shorter days / longer nights
- ends after "counting the cold"
- enters eco-dormancy
- eco-dormancy ... "environment" ... late winter-spring
- ends when warm / light enough
- cold hardy
- occurs with / follows ... dormancy
- ability to withstand freezing cold
- develops with exposure to cold temperature
- ends along with dormancy (warmth / light)
- amt. of damage ...
- rate of change (slow ... inter first ... antifreeze)
- timing (mid winter vs. early/late)
- bark/meristem (-196 C) vs. xylem hardiness (-40 C)
- Damage
-
- rapid change
- hamburger: tangential vs. radial
-
- late spring cold ... cambium ... ring of weaker wood
- much later ... add wind (physical stress)
- lumber no ... pulp yes
-
- already formed wood gets killed
- mid-winter time (cambium > wood resistance)
- get ring of dead sapwood ... no defences
-
- a.k.a. winter kill (of foliage)
- band of red trees
- chinook winds
- freeze thaw ... frozen soil
-
- late spring frosts
- after hardiness ended
- Root Necrosis
- lack of snow
- contributes to decline of Yc
-
- Heat
- Damage
- Seedling Basal Girdle (albedo)
- Seedling Root Necrosis (insul. layer)
- Heat Damage - Bark (newly exposed trees)
- Sun Scald
- Moisture
- Drought
- water is used for cooling, nutrient uptake & chem ReX's
- Excess (flood)
- lack of O2
- Snow
- young trees
- species (crown shape)
- Chemicals
- pollution
- fume (smelters)
- acid rain
- poll'n source
- SO2 ... coal
- NOx ... cars
- weather patterns
- prevailing wind
- sensitive env.
- granitic - low buffer
- limestone - good buffer
- damage
- foliar damage - gases
- soil pH change ... nutrients (Ca & Mg ...Al)
- Salt
- Na displaces K
- soil structure - aeration
- salty soil - water avail.
- Allelopathy
- "chemical warfare" btwn plants
-
- allelopathic (phenolics & tannins) effect on mycorhizae & roots
- allelopathic chemicals also impede N cycle ...
- also
- salal can utilize organic N
- salal simply outcompetes trees
- mgmt
- plant Cw (Hw) not Ss or Ba
- denser ... shade out salal
- fertilize (maybe repeatedly)
- Wind
- seasonal vs. catastrophic
- rooting depth (strength)
- intermediate vs. dominant crowns
- newly exposed edge? ... covered with Jim & Bill
-
- girdle vs. clip vs. browse
- critters
- hare/ rabbit
- clip seedlings
- girdle @ base of tree (... snow) - ragged surface
- squirrel
- Pl 6-20cm dbh
- clip shoot tips
- porcupine
- Hw, Ss, Fd & Py - sapling and larger (10+cm)
- bear
- pole size conifers
- ungulates
- Cw, Fd seedling to "head ht" (1.3m)
- Mechanical
- colluvium (rocks)
- plants
- industrial
